Essay on Morality is a Human Invention - 1152 Words

Morality is a Human Invention To approach the subject of Morality, one must first gird himself well, for the road is a difficult one. The perennial questions often revolve around what is Right and what is Wrong, so an explanation here is difficult at best, and futile, at worst. Nevertheless, I shall begin with a quote from Twilight of the Idols, by Nietzsche: I formulate a principle. All naturalism in morality, that is all healthy morality, is dominated by an instinct of life- some commandment of life is fulfilled through a certain canon of shall and shall not, some hindrance and hostile element on lifes road is thereby removed. Anti-natural morality, that is virtually every morality that has hitherto been†¦show more content†¦When it comes to the chosen men who provide moral interpretations, I am hesitant to put my faith into a corruptible, inherently selfish man. The proponents of any morality seem to always claim a connection to the Almighty God, who created the world, but I have never had these rules communicated to me by God. Should I trust a body of men, (i.e. the religious body,) which has always and without fail been highly contemptible, selfish, power-hungry? Should I live according to the dictates of such men as the Medieval popes, who possessed harems, murdered competitive clergy members, raped nuns, slaughtered Je ws? Should I trust morality as preached by Jim Jones, David Koresh, Torquemada? I think not. I also do not rely on the intuitive proof of morality, which rests on internal, emotional, and therefore unreliable and spurious, reasoning. The claim that you feel God within is ridiculous. You simply feel good, or understood, or peaceful. But we, as the egotistical, fearful humans we are, have the audacity to state that God resides within our hearts, when what they mistakenly call God is simply an unset stomach, or ejaculation. Furthermore, the claim that God set his immortal laws upon the hearts of Man begs the question,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Nietzsche1296 Words   |  6 PagesThere is no doubt that, modern humanity had the idea of God, but in my opinion, this idea was like a heritage to the modern humanity from their ancestors. We should look at the earlier times of the history in order to understand the roots of the invention of God. At this point, I agree with Magnus opinion, as he asserts that at the early moments of the history, feeling of indebt ness directed ones ancestors. Together with this opinion, we see that this imagined or let us say abstract power of ancestorsRead MoreThe Book On The Genealogy Of Morality1423 Words   |  6 Pagesbut the connection between them is discussed best in his book On the Genealogy of Morality. The first of the three essays outlines two alternate structures for the creation of values, which is credited to masters and the other to slaves. These two structures are controlled by different intangible themes. The first is ‘good/bad’ in terms of master morality and the second is ‘evil/good’ in terms of the slave morality. Noble classes and races, according to Nietzsche, started by defining their actionsRead MoreMorality And Technology And The Presence Of Technology1623 Words   |  7 Pagestheir lives. These lessons teach morality and begin to introduce certain values to children. In this way, every person develops values throughout his/her life that are impacted by his or her environment, biology and social constructs. Through these values, morality is developed and because each person has his or her own unique values, morality is based upon the individual. All organisms have evolved throughout their existence on Earth, but interestingly, humans are the only species that apply moralsRead MoreEscape from Spiderhead by Dr. Abnesti Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment has been a hot iss ue among media. Especially since the invention of cloning technology, more and more arguments about the developing pattern and power gained from such a development worried people globally. No doubt that the rapid development did provide us numerous conveniences and improving our life greatly, though, in regard to the increasing acknowledgment that people have from our nature, and the unpredictable human nature, likewise Dr. Abnesti in the fiction story, Escape from SpiderheadRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Utilitarianism1202 Words   |  5 Pagesis fixed, another defect, or set of defects, may be generated that also needs to be remedied. Since DNA is also a type of code, the same principles can be applied. The difference between DNA and computer code is that computer code is a man-made invention and is thus far more understood. But this isn’t to say that DNA cannot also be understood in the same manner. Biomedical engineers seek to manipulate DNA in a manner that increases uti lity in one area. As such, they may inadvertently cause a decreaseRead MoreWarfare: An Invention or a Biological Necessity?776 Words   |  3 PagesWarfare: an Invention or Biological? â€Å"Warfare is only an invention, not a biological necessity† - Margaret Mead Instinctivist theories on human aggressiveness often promote the notion that warfare is in the nature of humankind and therefore cannot be prevented. However Margaret Mead eloquently refuted this idea in her renowned essay Warfare: an Invention – Not a Biological Necessity. Mead states, â€Å"War is inevitable unless we change our social system and outlaw classes, the struggle for power, andRead MoreEthics and Technology1492 Words   |  6 Pageswrong and that guide every person on what should be done. Discussing it further, he stated that ethics is very closely associated with morality to the extent that the two terms are most of the time interchanged with one another. In the article, Tardo defines ethics clearly as a set of standards for our morality (1). Needless to say ethics has innately guided human generations across time to live harmoniously with one another as time progresses. According to Allen the greatest significance of ethicsRead MoreThe Impact Of The Scientif ic Revolution And The Age Of Enlightenment1117 Words   |  5 Pagesessay ‘Concerning Human Understanding’. His essay challenged Aristotle, Rene Descartes and Thomas Hobbes. The main idea being that â€Å"the mind is a tabula rasa or clean slate at birth† as opposed to being born with an understanding of the world, â€Å"Children and idiots have no thought—not an inkling—of these principles, and that fact alone is enough to destroy the universal assent that any truth that was genuinely innate would have to have.† He argued that â€Å"humans discerned morality through readingRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind Becomes Of Critical Importance860 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered to be a separate, nonmaterial entity compared to the physical neurons within the brain. However, the field of neuroscience is finding many connections between the physical nature of the brain and the supposed non-physical aspect of the human mind. In a sense, neuroscien ce seeks to understand the functioning of the mind in terms of the physical neuronal firings of the brain. In addition, neuroscience seeks further information concerning the â€Å"fixity† and â€Å"plasticity† of the brain. The fieldRead MoreHuman Anatomy Based On Dissection1356 Words   |  6 Pagesattempting to create the most realistic of images, particularly around the time of the renaissance, with the invention of linear perspective and a growing understanding of human anatomy based on dissection. In the renaissance, the more technically capable an artist is in recreating life, the more talented he is seen to be. However, movements like impressionism, a reaction to the invention of photography, now aimed for, not realism, but the capturing of the impression of the image, using colour and

The Blind Obedience And Authority - 1237 Words

Blind Obedience to Authority Millions of people were killed in Nazi Germany in concentration camps however, Hitler wouldn’t have been able to kill them all, nor could just a handful of people. Obedience is when society influences where/ when an individual acts in response to a direct order from another individual, who is usually the authority figure. It is assumed that without such an order the person would not have acted in this way. In order to obey authority, the obeying person has to accept that it is legitimate for the command to be made of them. Obedience involves a hierarchy of status. Therefore, the person giving the order has a higher status than the person receiving the order. Adolf Eichmann was executed in 1962 for his part in organizing the Holocaust, in which six million Jewish people, as well as gypsies, communists and trade unionists were transported to death camps and murdered in Nazi Germany and surrounding countries under Nazi control. Eichmann took part in the planning of the collection, transportation and extermination of those to be killed (Saul McLeod, 2007). At his trial in 1961, Eichmann expressed surprise at being hated by Jewish people, saying that he had merely obeyed orders, and surely obeying orders could only be a good thing (Saul McLeod, 2007). According to McLeod, Eichmann was declared sane by six psychiatrists, he had a normal family life and observers at his trial described him as very average. Given that there appears to be nothingShow MoreRelatedDisobedience Vs Obedience1700 Words   |  7 PagesIn society, obedience to authority is ingrained in humanity from an early age, causing some individuals to blindly obey orders withou t contemplating the credibility of the source. In psychoanalyst Erich Fromm’s article â€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem,† he explains that throughout human history obedience has been associated with virtue and disobedience with sin (Fromm 127). Fromm suggests that our conscience is an internalized voice of authority (126). Fromm claims individuals needRead MoreEssay on Obedience1004 Words   |  5 PagesComparative Critique Obedience and Disobedience has been a part of key moments in history. Many have studied forms of obedience to learn how it affects people and situations. For example, Stanley Milgram conducted a well-known experiment in which the subject, named the â€Å"teacher† must shock the â€Å"learner† every time he doesn’t remember a word pair from a memory test. The focus of this study is on the teacher, and whether they will administer killing shocks when told to by an authority figure. Another well-knownRead MoreA Few Good Men By Erich Fromm1403 Words   |  6 Pages Studying obedience to authority most often reveals human nature repugnantly; however, it teaches society individual capability and, thus, it can prevent unethical actions. In the film, A Few Good Men, Col. Nathan R. Jessup, the commanding officer at Guantanamo Bay Cuba orders a â€Å"code red† – an unsanctioned disciplinary action against Pfc. William T. Santiago. Lance Cpl. Harold W. Dawson and Pfc. Louden Downey, two U.S. Marines, are the fellow platoon members that implement the code red, and LtRead MoreObedience, By Stanley Milgram853 Words   |  4 Pages Obedience is practiced everyday throughout everyone s life. It has been engraved in everyone growing up. Students are taught at an early age to obey the higher authority’s commands in school, at home, and in public whether it is the teacher, principal, police officer, and even other parents. Additionally, parents too have to practice obedience. They must be follow orders from their bosses, and they must o bey the laws. As a result, obedience becomes second nature, which exposes everyone to problemsRead MoreOutline the Key Issue for the Social Approach1078 Words   |  5 PagesBlind obedience is when a person carries out an order even if it goes against their moral values or codes. Prejudice is an unjust attitude towards an individual solely based on their membership of a social group. Both of these issues were present in Abu Ghraib Prison (Iraq). They occurred when American soldiers commit terrible act upon Iraqi prisoners staying there. The soldiers claimed they were merely following orders, but scepticisms have been made about whether it was blind obedience or prejudiceRead MoreThe Levels Of Obedience1224 Words   |  5 Pagesthere was a division of labor. Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi organizer of these mass murders, never saw the direct effects of the genocide he was orchestrating. After the Holo-caust, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment to study the levels of obedience to autho rity; he used his experiment to find where evil resided in people and to discover the cause of the Holo-caust. Some people found his findings useful information, while others thought his experiment was morally unacceptable due to his use of deceptionRead MoreObedience Is, As Stanley Milgram Writes, â€Å"As Basic An Element1219 Words   |  5 PagesObedience is, as Stanley Milgram writes, â€Å"as basic an element in the structure of social life as one can point to† (Milgram 1). The act of obedience holds positive connotations, but the sometimes negative effects of blind obedience are explored in Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† and Diana Baumrind’s â€Å"Review of Stanley Milgram’s Experiments on Obedience.† Though Milgram does analyze how the subjects of the experiment blame their actions on the experimenters, Baumrind argues the bad effectsRead MoreEssay about Obligation to Obey Governing Bodies1427 Words   |  6 Pag esI believe it is safe to say that the subjects of any legitimate state have an obligation to at obey their governing bodies. Underlying my own obedience to my countrys laws are a number of reasons - an understanding of my obligation to take responsibility for my own actions, a recognition of my governments authority over me, a belief that the laws of my country are well-founded, and a fear of the consequences of disobeying said laws. Without laws, a society would quickly crumble into disorderRead MoreEssay on Obedience to Authority574 Words   |  3 PagesObedience to Authority Today our society raises us to believe that obedience is good and disobedience is bad. We are taught that we should all do what we’re told and that the people that are disobedient are almost always bad people. Society tells us this, but it is not true. Most people will even be obedient to the point of causing harm to others, because to be disobedient requires the courage to be alone against authority. In Stanley Milgram’s Perils of Obedience experiment, his studiesRead MoreThe Dangers Of Social Pressure1561 Words   |  7 Pagesinnate senses. In â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure† by Solomon Asch, and â€Å"Perils of Obedience† by Stanley Milgram, the two psychologists conduct a series of experiments to observe how the influence of social pressure leads to conformity and obedience to authority. Both experiments demonstrate the adverse effects of social pressure, for conformity involves a sacrifice of self-interests, while blind obedience to authority results in the harm of others. According to the results of the experiments, social

The Fortune at the Bottom of Pyramid Free Essays

Lessons from the Field: Sales at the Bottom of the Pyramid By Heidi Krauel and Joel Montgomery, 2009 Acumen Fund Fellows April 2010 Summary Enterprises serving bottom of the pyramid (BoP) markets have tremendous opportunity to create commercial and social impact, but are often illequipped to do so. A particular question that needs to be studied is: how can we sell more effectively to BoP consumers? In this piece, Acumen Fund Fellows Heidi Krauel and Joel Montgomery draw on their field experiences and research to explain how we can build more effective sales organizations to serve the BoP. Contents Summary Introduction The Survey + Profile of Companies + Overview of Findings + Performance Rating Methodology Step One: Recruit Ambassadors Step Two: Realize Potential Step Three: Reinforce Training + Data Collection + Compensation Conclusion References About the Authors 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 Introduction The business world has heard about â€Å"The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid† for some time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fortune at the Bottom of Pyramid or any similar topic only for you Order Now In his seminal work, CK Prahalad asserts that multinational corporations (MNCs) can stimulate commerce at the bottom of the economic pyramid to improve the lives of the four billion people in the world living in poverty and turn a healthy profit along the way. i This assertion is supported by various case studies, suggesting that the bottom of the pyramid (BoP) is a source of untapped profits for corporations that target local people as both producers and consumers and inspire innovation for new technologies and commercial activities. i A 2008 empirical study by Rodrigo Guesalaga and Pablo Marshall compares the buying power index (BPI) of the BoP market relative to the BPI of middle and high-income market segments and finds that â€Å"relative to the total market, the BoP sector accounts, on average, for more than 50 percent of the purchasing power in developing countries. iii† Large groups of poor consumers have the power to reject or accept what an MNC wants to sell, thereby forcing MNCs to overcome BoP market constraints and revise antiquated business models. v Since the BoP term was first coined, several MNCs and start-ups have introduced new products and services to the world’s poorest customers with mixed success. One leader in this movement is Acumen Fund, which invests in start-up social enterprises that employ market-based solutions to providing the poor with basic goods and services—water, healthcare, energy, agriculture, and housing. An underlying principle of Acumen’s work is that when poor consumers are given the dignity of choice, they are transformed from passive recipients of aid into customers with powerful voices that the business community cannot afford to ignore. Addressing this voice in a sustainable, scalable way is no easy matter, especially for resource-constrained young businesses. Krauel Montgomery, April 2010  · Copyright  © 2010 Acumen Fund 1 Lessons from the Field: Sales at the Bottom of the Pyramid The tools that traditional companies in more affluent markets utilize to understand and reach customers–studies, mailing lists, online campaigns, chambers of commerce, YellowPages, mass media channels— don’t exist or can’t easily be applied in developing countries. BoP-facing companies grapple with language and cultural barriers, infrastructure challenges, and capital constraints, regardless of whether they are an established multi-national corporation or a start-up trying to build a brand from scratch. While literature detailing the benefits of social enterprises is widespread, little attention is paid to the personnel management and organization building of small- and mediumsized enterprises trying to operate in these markets. After a ten-month field placement with two sales-focused Acumen Fund investees in India and Pakistan, Heidi Krauel and Joel Montgomery (2009 Acumen Fellows) were interested in exploring and uncovering common practices among small-and medium-sized enterprises that are successfully building sales organizations to serve the BoP. This executive summary presents the findings from a survey that Krauel and Montgomery conducted with organizations that target the poor through a variety of sales models. Forty-two different organizations in Latin America, Africa, and Asia participated in the survey and contributed to the BoP Salesforce Lifecycle – a framework which identifies specific steps that social enterprises can take to accelerate their growth and development. Krauel and Montgomery suggest that this three-pronged model – Recruit, Realize, and Reinforce –may help BoP companies break through the barriers they face in building high-performing sales organizations to serve the poor. BOP SALESFORCE LIFECYCLE A three-pronged framework that identifies steps social enterprises can take to build an effective sales force RECRuIt â€Å"ambassadors† with strong soft skills by leveraging low-cost company assets REALIzE potential using ongoing, experience-based training built upon â€Å"on-the-ground† realities REInFORCE by linking smart data collection to performance-based pay and perks The Survey Profile of Companies An online survey was conducted in July 2009 with the CEOs or Heads of Sales at small- and medium-sized enterprises serving low-income customers in developing countries. The majority of respondents (31 of 42) have fewer than 100 employees and 69% percent have less than $1 million in annual revenues. The age distribution of survey responders is fairly even with 21% of companies in their first year of operations, 31% with two to five years operating history, 29% with six to ten years, and 19% with ten or more years. The survey set is dominated by for-profit companies (71%) and one-third of all respondents (36%) have received venture capital investment. Consumer Goods is the most common industry focus (33% of companies), followed by Business Services (24%), Consumer Services (17%), Agricultural or Industrial Products (12%), and Other products or services (14%). The majority of companies target primarily low-income and/ or rural consumers: 81% of companies target low-income, 64%, rural. Fewer companies target the urban (36%) or middleincome (26%) consumer. Overview of Findings Challenges: Survey responders report common challenges in finding salespeople with the requisite skills and then extracting top performance in terms of meeting sales targets, effective Krauel Montgomery, April 2010  · Copyright  © 2010 Acumen Fund 2 Lessons from the Field: Sales at the Bottom of the Pyramid Salesforce’s Performance Ratings Based on End Customer type 100% % of companies surveyed 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 36% 44% 33% Primarily Low-Income Primarily Rural Primarily Urban 26% ;gt;10% Primarily Mid-Income 81% 64% % of Companies (n=42) % High Perfomers 44% Performance Rating Methodology Companies were rated based on self-reported data on performance against company sales targets. Companies reporting meeting or beating at least 75% of their sales targets are High Performers, while companies whose sales teams meet or beat 50%-74% of targets are Medium Performers. Low Performers tend to miss more than 50% of their sales targets. Having venture capital (VC) investors does not necessarily correlate with high performance, with 47% of VC-backed companies rated as High Performers compared to 48% of companies without VC backing. Similarly, non-profit or for-profit status has little impact on performance ratings, with 58% of all non-profits and 43% of all forprofit companies being High Performers. Nearly half of companies that target low-income customers are High Performers. †¦ This is a promising finding for entrepreneurs aspiring to build successful companies aimed at eradicating the â€Å"poverty penalty. † Company Performance Based on Years in Operation Companies of all ages are High performers, but an inflection point emerges at five or more years of operating history. 20 Years in Operation: ;gt;15 (n=3) 10 to 15 (n=5) 6 to 10 (n=12) 12 10 2 to 5 (n=13) 0 to 2 (n=9) High Medium Low time management, and thoughtful prioritization of markets and customers. Advantages: Participating companies also report unique advantages that can be leveraged to break through these barriers. Social missions act as powerful magnets to new salespeople and relatively high retention rates make investing in sales force development a viable option. Promising practices around soft-skills-based sales force recruitment and assessment, experiential and ongoing sales force training programs, and low-tech but rigorous data collection linked to appropriate compensation schemes emerged and are discussed in the sections below. Some of these practices also corresponded with existing best practices and research in the field of Sales Force Development in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Interestingly, companies primarily focused on notoriously challenging rural and low-income markets do not seem to be paying a penalty when it comes to performance. Forty-four percent of companies focused on rural markets are High Performers, compared to 33% of companies focused on urban markets. Similarly, nearly half (15 of 34) of companies that target low-income customers are High Performers compared to less than 10% of companies that include middle-income consumers in their target market. This is a promising finding for entrepreneurs aspiring to build successful companies aimed at eradicating the â€Å"poverty penalty. † An inflection point in company size and stage emerges from the survey responses, after which performance against targets significantly improves. Of the companies rated as High Performers, 80% have more than 20 employees and 65% have more than $250,000 in annual revenue. This report hopes to highlight tangible steps that companies can take to not only improve performance in the near term, but also accelerate progress towards this inflection point and down the path towards size and scale. Krauel ; Montgomery, April 2010  · Copyright  © 2010 Acumen Fund 3 Lessons from the Field: Sales at the Bottom of the Pyramid Step One: Recruit Ambassadors Barrier Hiring skilled sales staff Breakthrough Recruit ambassadors with strong soft skills by leveraging low cost assets top Hiring Barriers by Percent of Companies (n=42) *Note: respondents could choose more than one category Lack of necessary skills — Lack of necessary work experience — Poor cultural fit — Ability to offer competitive wages — Unknown company brand — 19% 24% 36% 43% 40% Nearly all companies (93%) report Other — 10% that hiring salespeople is somewhat challenging (45%), if not extremely Company location — 10% challenging (48%). Lack of core skills, Ability to offer competitive benefits — 10% direct experience, and cultural fit (with formalized and/or fast-paced startup environments) are consistently reported as the top hiring barriers, regardless of company size Candidates with significant, direct experience are hard to find v or stage. Yet, only 10% of companies note retention as a serious in large numbers; survey findings suggest that BoP managers challenge. This may be driven by the heavy use of personal should also target individuals that possess strong soft skills relationships in recruiting, but dedication to the social mission assets (local relationships, personal confidence, verbal is also reported as a top reason for why salespeople are joining communication, and community influence), and then test these these companies. Still, companies report that obtaining good skills in action as part of the interview process. performance from these committed sales teams is problematic. The survey suggests ways that BoP managers can more High Performers consistently report integrating active effectively hire in uncertain environments and then use high demonstrations into their hiring processes. Sales force retention rates and mission alignment as rationale for investing interviewees are potential ambassadors for the company who – in the development of incoming sales staff. vi when given basic product information – should be able to shine REASOnS SALES PEOPLE JOIn (â€Å"ASSEtS†), SuCCESSFuL RECRuItIng StRAtEgIES (â€Å"tOOLS†) (n=42) StARt-uP ;gt;20 employees; n=14) SMALL EntERPRISE (20–100 employees; n=17) MED—LARgE EntERPRISE (101–500+ employees; n=11) Assets + Social Mission (n=X, 93%) + Start-up Energy (n=X, 36%) + Social Mission (n=X, 67%) + Competitive + Professional Wages (n=X, 53%) + Social Mission (n=X, 80%) + Competitive Wages (n=X, 53%) Development (47%) + Brand (n=X, 40%) tools + Word-of-Mouth Referrals (n =X, 86%) + Word-of-Mouth Referrals (n=X, 86%) + Word-of-Mouth Referrals (n=X, 62%) + Recruiting Agency (n=X, 52%) Krauel ; Montgomery, April 2010  · Copyright  © 2010 Acumen Fund Lessons from the Field: Sales at the Bottom of the Pyramid in role-playing scenarios, trial product demonstrationsvii, or sales contests with potential customers. Post-hire, companies can invest in comprehensive, hard skills training reinforced by thoughtful performance assessment and compensation schemes. This emphasis on recruiting first for soft skills, and then augmenting with training, corresponds with research of Mayer and Greenberg, who advocate for the hiring of employees with real sales ability and talent, instead of mere experience. iii During the recruiting process, BoP managers should keep in mind the unique assets that attract sales people to the particular stage of their company. Start-ups (classified as fewer than 20 employees) can boast of the energy of a new venture and also tout their social mission. Small Enterprises (20-100 employees), on the other hand, can boast of more competitive wages and professional development opportunities. With Medium – Large Organizations (101-500+ employees), brand recognition becomes more important, though social mission Recruit for â€Å"soft skills† not just years of experiencesalesperson interviewees should be able to shine in roleplaying scenarios and trial product demonstrations. and competitive wages also play an integral part in attracting sales people. Across the board, using word-of-mouth referrals is one of the most important recruiting tools. For Medium – Large Organizations, use of recruitment agencies becomes more common. Newspaper advertisements are another popular recruiting strategy, while little use is made of recruiting or company websites in the hiring process. Lastly, companies of all sizes report keeping senior managers directly involved in hiring sales staff, with 79% overall indicating that the CEO or similar person is directly involved in sales force recruitment. RECRuIt: Innovations from the Field—Quotes from survey responses â€Å"We communicate this activity as a entrepreneurial opportunity†¦which would eventually help them in learning business practices in addition to serving their community. † Indian consumer products company â€Å"We try to rope in satisfied customers [as sales people]. Indian energy product company â€Å"We identify [sales] people by analyzing if they have visited family in the countryside recently†¦ because that is where they will work with us. † Latin American energy products company â€Å"Motivating staff to the social impact of our products†¦. Since the message is out and understood, our staff will go the extra mile. † African food products company Step Two: Realiz e Potential Barrier Effectively training sales people in a way that is consistent with ompany strategy and priorities Breakthrough Realize potential using ongoing, experiential training based on ground realities As a manager from a Large European Consumer Goods Company states, â€Å"Training is the key, it takes time to develop [a] BoP sales force. † The value of sales training programs depends on the actual number of training hours along with the quality of the curriculum and instructors. Sixty-five percent of High performing companies conduct at least 10 hours of initial training during the first month of employment compared to only 30% of Medium and 33% of Low Performers. For most High Krauel ; Montgomery, April 2010  · Copyright  © 2010 Acumen Fund 5 Lessons from the Field: Sales at the Bottom of the Pyramid tRAInIng PRACtICES BY COMPAnY PERFORMAnCE RAtIng (n=42) HIgH (n=20) Specialized sales training 10+ hours initial sales training Ongoing sales training Experiential sales training 85% 65% 85% 85% MEDIuM (n=10) 60% 30% 70% 80% LOW (n=12) 58% 33% 42% 62% Performers, the initial training is complemented by periodic refreshers. Eighty-five percent of High performing companies conduct ongoing training compared to 70% of Medium performing companies and 42% of Low performing companies. Not surprisingly, High performing companies dedicate more time to training sales staff, but quantity alone is not sufficient. Many companies indicate that experiential training is the most effective method of training sales people. At least 80% of High and Medium Performers focus on experiential training (role plays, shadowing, etc. ) as opposed to pure lecture form, compared to just 62% of Low Performers. This finding corresponds with the research of Galloix and Robinson x, which cites the importance of role-playing in training good salesmen. Survey findings show a disconnect between the challenges sales staff face in the field and the sales training programs that companies offer. Market prioritization and time management are consistently rated as the top challenges managers face with salespeople, but fewer than half of participating companies provide training in these areas. While High Performers are generally more pleased with the quality of their training programs, only 40% indicate that sales staff have actually acquired the knowledge and skills necessary to be effective in the field, compared to just 20% of Medium performing companies and 0% of Low performing companies. Recent research from the developed world suggests that highperforming SMEs successfully integrate R;D into customer outreach (sales and marketing). xi Perhaps, organizations selling to the BoP can benefit from making training a priority and ensuring that training programs are ongoing, consistent with company priorities, and relevant to the on-the-ground realities that sales people face. xii REALIzE: Innovations from the Field â€Å"We gave a one-day training that included a morning full of lecture. The second half of the day, we dropped sales people off in random villages and asked them to sell a product in one hour. Pakistani agricultural product company â€Å"We blend classroom training and demonstration camps. This provides participants an opportunity to learn, apply theoretical learning in live camps and again come back to classroom for clarification about doubts/feedback. † Indian consumer goods company â€Å"We do our operational training in the field with a new customer in as public a place as possible to create a buzz while doing the training. † African consumer services company Step Three: Reinforce Training Barrier Poor performance of sales staff Breakthrough Reinforce training and ompany strategy by linking smart data collection with perks and performance-based compensation Krauel ; Montgomery, April 2010  · Copyright  © 2010 Acumen Fund 6 Lessons from the Field: Sales at the Bottom of the Pyramid High Performers use rigorous data collection and innovative compensation schemes to reinforce company sales strategy and boost performance. xiii Data collection Nearly all companies (95%) collect basic sales data on a regular basis, and many High and Medium Performers col lect sales data on a weekly or if not daily basis (63% vs. 33% of Low Performers). This is striking given how challenging data collection can be in developing countries that lack robust IT and communication infrastructure. This challenge is compounded for companies with sales staff that live and work in the underserved communities they are trying to reach (mainly low-income, rural). Companies are breaking through these infrastructure barriers by using a blend of SMS, verbal, email and paper-based methods to capture results from the field. These â€Å"IT-light† practices don’t necessarily change as companies get larger, with 55% of companies with 100 or more employees reporting continued use of verbal reporting. However, older companies (five or more years of operation) report increased use of email and mobile phones in data collection along with decreased use of paper and verbal methods. High Performers also report limited use of verbal reporting (only 30% compared to 60% of Medium and Low Performers). These findings suggest that BoP companies may be able to avoid investment in expensive ERP or CRM systems, but that there is significant value in adopting rigorous low-tech solutions that are easy to follow, consistently used, relatively scalable, and that limit errors. iv High performing companies are also much more likely to dedicate training time specifically to data reporting. With â€Å"compliance with company policies† consistently ranked among the top two or three sales force priorities, frequent data collection integrated into training and compensation schemes may be a underutilized but promising practice. xv REInFORCE—DAtA: Innovations from the Field â€Å"Ensure data collection is seen as a specific skill. † Indian healthcare service provider â€Å"We give minor incentives to the top performers in each week’s data metric. † African equipment company We issue discount coupons [in order to] capture data from customers. † India financial services company Compensation Surprisingly, survey responders did not report the inability to offer competitive wages as a significant barrier to growth. Fewer than one-in-four companies note wages as one of the top two challenges in hiring salespeople. However, what these BoPfacing companies might be gaining in sales force affordability, they may be losing in productivity and performance. Company responders are using creative compensation schemes to breakthrough the performance barrier. High performing companies are less likely than Medium and Low Performers to offer variable compensation (35% vs. 70% and 50%, respectively), but those High Performers that offer bonuses and/or commissions, do so aggressively. For High Performers, variable compensation constitutes 46% of total compensation compared to 21% at Low Performers. High Performers are also more likely to complement pay packages with attractive perks and benefits, with 75% offering perks compared to 42% of Low Performers. This raises the point as to how companies think about allocating employee-related expenditures. Targeting rural, low-income clients often translates into long hours, extensive travel, and limited creature comforts for sales staff. BoP companies may benefit from capping overall sales wages at market-rates and investing remaining funds towards employee health insurance, Companies have other levers to pull when it comes to data collection. Forty-five percent of High Performers tie data reporting to compensation, compared to 33% of Low Performers. High performing companies are also much more likely to dedicate training time specifically to data reporting (71% compared to just 50% of Low and Medium Performers). Krauel Montgomery, April 2010  · Copyright  © 2010 Acumen Fund 7 Lessons from the Field: Sales at the Bottom of the Pyramid transportation, lodging, meals, mobile phones, or retirement plans – perks that can improve a salesperson’s quality of life while also directly supporting sales-related activities. REInFORCE—COMPEnSAtIOn: Innovations from the Field + Eco-friendly paper salesmen are eligible for profit-sharing. + Rural energy salesman receive bonuses on a sliding scale, based on company performance. Conclusion After 50 or more years of somewhat ineffectual international development efforts, there is a new awakening among practitioners and business leaders around a different way to approach the problems of poverty: through market-based approaches. At the heart of every market-based approach, there is a customer and a company. And, at the heart of every customer relationship, there is a sales force. In many ways, the success or failure of the BoP movement will hinge upon companies’ and organizations’ abilities to build and maintain high performing sales organizations. Interestingly, our findings resonate with existing academic research on how to construct effective sales organizations, and perhaps BoP businesses can also learn from the best practices in sales force development for SMEs. The first step BoP-facing social enterprises can take to confront challenges with less developed labor markets is to clearly articulate their unique company assets (based on company stage) as they actively Recruit sales staff with strong soft skills who can become true ambassadors and champions of the company. Next, companies can Realize sales force potential with ongoing and experience-based training programs, designed with on-the-ground realities in mind. Lastly, linking training topics to targeted data collection and compensation schemes can help to Reinforce and institutionalize company priorities and sales strategies. + African salespeople receive live chickens as rewards during sales meetings. + Latin American rural logistics company provides funds for vacation travel. + Rural energy company follows â€Å"open book management† so sales team sees how their performance fits in. + Community water system company provides salesmen ith equity shares. 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Effects Of Internet Essay Example For Students

Effects Of Internet Essay The popularity of internet technology in the last three year has gown into a new phenomenon. The information super highway has connected our society in ways that where previously unimaginable. Now, with a service that is afordable, one can connect with an internet service provider. Not only do we have the technology, but it is accessible to most American people. The appeal to the information super highway is its convenience. We live in a age in which we have the ability to access our federal governmental agencies as well as printed publications via the internet. With the click of a mouse button the average American is able to connect with the United States Post Office, Internal Revenue Service, and even the White House. Many publications such as newspapers and national magazines are accessible though the internet. The wide array of publications rage from The New York Times to People Magazine. Subscribers of the accesses to the internet may now find printed publications to be a thing of the past. If users can access the news straight from the Cincinnati Enquirer on thier computer screens, what is thier motivation to pay additional money for the printed version? Not only can individuals access news publications from the past and present, but they can also access literature in its entirety. The same issue abides: If users can access the novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings on thier desktop computers, why would they purchase it at a book store? Beyond the financial issue, we may now have found our answer to the prudent problem of tearing down the rain forests. The use of the internet instead of printed publications could possibly make the waste of paper obsolete. As good as the modern convenience of the internet may sound, there are several underlying problems. Two of problems involved that I will discuss are laziness and dependency. The first problem, laziness, becomes obvious from my previous description of the lack of motivation. If a person no longer has the motivation to purchase item from retailers other than retailers on the internet, a problem will arise. In theory, laziness will occur because the population will no longer have to leave their homes. People are currently able to obtain literature and news from their computers. The internet has already created a more lazy society. The second possible problem with new technology is dependency. With the vast availability the internet is providing our society, Americans have become dependent on the technology. This dependency is what I fear. If people become reliant on the internet, what would happen if the convenience was taken from them? The possibility of the computer age ending is real. Computer viruses and the possibility of the cash of all computer in the year 2000 could make the internet dissapear. The information super highway could end for other various known and unknown reasons as well. If Americans have become dependent on the technology, how would the adjust to it being taken from them? I believe that the convenience of the internet out wieghs the possibilities of its descent. The given concerns warrant attention, but should not preoccupy our thought as we enjoy the internet and its convence. As Americans we tend to live in the minute, and the minute offers us a wonderful convenience. We should enjoy the modern technology that has brought us the internet. We would be ignorant not to take advantage of what modern day technology has brought to our desktops.

Tips To Effective Global Communication

Introduction Up until recently, communication with the outside world was difficult due to lack of technology. Engaging in global businesses was almost impossible but that has now changed and global communication has been made easy. Introduction of new and effective technology such as internet, telephones and televisions has made communication cheaper and faster.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Tips To Effective Global Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With our expanding company now engaging in business with Japan, Germany and France, all the employees will need to learn how to communicate globally. The purpose of this is to enhance the working relationship in the three countries, to avoid shameful language that can destroy the working relationship and to help us diversify. We shall discuss tips on how to become effective global communicators. Learn The Other Cultures To become an effective global c ommunicator, one needs to conduct a research on the other culture in order to learn how to communicate with them. Due to cultural difference, each cultural language differs with the other. One needs to get out of the local communication he is used to and adopt the global communication. This tends to be difficult if the other culture is not understood properly and lack of research can act as a hindrance to effective communication. Gray (57) suggests that one needs to visit the other culture and completely immerse himself in it to understand it better. Tan (9) tends to agree with this by arguing that each community has a different way of how they conduct their business and if one needs to learn the different culture of that community. Break Language Barriers The English language is commonly used when communicating but one should be wary of countries that do not use it as a primary language (Tan 96). In our case, we shall be engaging with the people from France whose primary language i s French and not English. In order to effectively communicate with our counterparts from France, one should avoid witty English jargon and maintain simplicity. It is also important to note some of the words used in communication as some countries take some words to be offensive in their culture (Muddyman 115). Learn To Read Between The Lines Some cultures are very sensitive and one should be very careful when communicating with them. If it is a face-to-face meeting, learn how to watch the body language of the listeners to determine whether your language is causing a discomfort or not. If it is through a telephone call, some actions like silence on the other end can indicate many reactions to the discussion at hand (Gray 48).Advertising Looking for article on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This helps one to know how his information or message is being received. If an odd expression is noticed, then one n eeds to tactically change the wordings he is using to communicate. Learn How To Localize Any global communicator needs to learn how to localize tactfully with the locals. According to Gray (2008), localization needs balancing between its expense and the benefits one expect to achieve. Muddyman (25) further advise that when localizing, one should not be keen on the localized words being communicated rather than the message being put across to the local employees. One should seek services of a local communicator or a firm that has expertise in effective translation. Research OnThe Country’s Work Culture Each country handles their businesses differently. According to Tan (20), one needs to do a research on how different countries do their business. In Japan for example, they like going straight to business and their impatience will automatically tell if you are veering off the subject. In the research, one needs to know how employees in different countries react and feel towards a certain messages being communicated to them (Muddyman 46). The employees in Germany for example expect a message that is put in the company’s goals context. Those in France on the other hand prefer messages that have consequences that will last for a longer period. A good way of understanding the work culture of the different countries will be by encouraging a feedback kind of communication in any of the messages sent to them. This helps to understand how they conduct their business in the feed-back message and to be able to gauge their feelings towards a particular thing. It also helps to build trust between the two companies (Gray 22). Embrace The Modern Technology Acquiring the state of art communication equipment and learning how to operate them should be among the main priorities of any global communicator. Technology advances over the years and one should be able to keep up to date with the latest trend for effective communication around the world (Tan 56). This avoi ds delays in any business transaction and any global communicator should always remember that ‘time lost is money lost.’ Conclusion Anybody can learn how to become a global communicator and it only calls for individual passion to learn how to. We shall all need to learn by following the given tips in order to enhance our business relations between France, Germany and Japan.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Tips To Effective Global Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Gray, Dave. Ten Tips For Global Communicators. Communication Nation. April 2010. Web. Muddyman, Gary. 3 Simple Steps For Effective Global Communication. International Association of Business Communication. July 2010. Web. Tan, Teresa. How To Communicate Globally. eHOW. Sept 2010. Web. This article on Tips To Effective Global Communication was written and submitted by user Miriam W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

To investigate the relationship between the velocity of a parachute and the drag force Essay Example

To investigate the relationship between the velocity of a parachute and the drag force Essay Example To investigate the relationship between the velocity of a parachute and the drag force Essay To investigate the relationship between the velocity of a parachute and the drag force Essay Viscosity :- The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to flow. Viscous forces acting on bodies moving through a fluid and in fluids moving through pipes and channels. The pressure in a fluid decreases where the speed increases.Stokes Law :- An equation relating the terminal settling velocity of a smooth, rigid sphere in a viscous fluid of known density and viscosity to the diameter of the sphere when subjected to a known force field. It is used in the particle-size analysis of soils by the pipette, hydrometer, or centrifuge methods. The equation is:V = (2grà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)(d1-d2)/9à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½whereV = velocity of fall (cm sec-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½),g = acceleration of gravity (cm sec-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½),r = equivalent radius of particle (cm),dl = density of particle (g cm -à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½),d2 = density of medium (g cm-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½), andà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = viscosity of medium (dyne sec cm-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½).A falling object has an acceleration equal to g, provided air resistance is negligible. If air resistance is significant, the force due to air resistance drags on the object. This drag force increases as the object speeds up, until the force becomes equal and opposite to its weight. The acceleration becomes zero because the resultant force on the object becomes zero. The speed therefore becomes constant; this value is referred to as the Terminal Velocity.TaskTo investigate the effect of a change in mass on the time taken for a parachute to fall a set distance.Other variables that could be investigated are:à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Surface area of the parachuteà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Length of string (between the parachute and mass), which might control the volume of air under the parachute.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Distribution of mass, i.e. perhaps on the parachute itself as opposed to on string attached to the parachute (this of course would not be a continuous variable so it would not be of great value).ApparatusA square of bin liner, thread, sticky tape, plasticene, and weighing scales.MethodOne parachute w as assembled using a square of bin liner, thread and sticky tape. The thread was tied in such a way that plasticene masses could be attached. For each mass, the experiment was performed three times and after completion, the entire investigation was repeated. The actual experiments consisted of timing how long the parachute took to travel from the ceiling to the floor, a distance of 2.85 metres. The measurements were taken in grams and then converted into Newtons for more accurate results.In order to make this a fair test I am going to keep a number of things constant, e.g., the bin liner parachute, the length of the string, the distance for it to fall, the surface area of the parachute, and the distribution of mass.DiagramPredictionsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The larger the mass, the shorter the time because when the mass is larger the parachute accelerates to a higher speed due to the terminal velocity being higher.TheoryVelocity = DistanceTimeAcceleration = Increase in VelocityTimeResultsExperi ment 1Mass (N) Time 1 (s) Time 2 (s) Time 3 (s) Average Time (s) Average Velocity (m/s)* Average Acceleration (m/s2)0.02 3.35 3.29 3.31 3.32 0.86 0.260.04 2.17 2.35 2.18 2.23 1.28 0.570.06 1.72 1.88 1.64 1.75 1.63 0.930.08 1.58 1.65 1.62 1.62 1.76 1.090.10 1.46 1.41 1.23 1.37 2.08 1.520.12 1.26 1.29 1.31 1.29 2.21 1.710.14 1.11 1.27 1.08 1.15 2.48 2.160.16 1.15 1.13 1.04 1.11 2.57 2.320.18 1.04 1.18 1.05 1.09 2.61 2.390.20 1.03 0.97 1.10 1.04 2.74 2.63Experiment 2Mass (N) Time 1 (s) Time 2 (s) Time 3 (s) Average Time (s) Average Velocity (m/s)* Average Acceleration (m/s2)0.02 2.78 2.32 3.28 2.79 1.02 0.370.04 2.18 2.30 1.67 2.05 1.39 0.680.06 1.57 1.40 1.50 1.49 1.91 1.280.08 1.09 1.14 1.25 1.16 2.46 2.120.10 1.19 1.31 1.29 1.26 2.26 1.790.12 1.13 1.20 1.14 1.16 2.46 2.120.14 1.09 1.07 1.13 1.10 2.59 2.350.16 0.91 1.08 1.10 1.03 2.77 2.690.18 0.88 1.01 1.06 0.98 2.91 2.970.20 0.93 0.97 1.00 0.97 2.94 3.03Averages Over Experiments 1 and 2Mass (N) Average Time (s) Average Velocity (m/ s)* Average Acceleration (m/s2)0.02 3.06 0.93 0.300.04 2.14 1.33 0.620.06 1.62 1.76 1.090.08 1.39 2.05 1.470.10 1.32 2.16 1.640.12 1.23 2.32 1.890.14 1.13 2.52 2.230.16 1.07 2.66 2.490.18 1.04 2.74 2.630.20 0.97 2.94 3.03Notes* This was calculated using the formula above (in the Theory section) using the Average Time. Unfortunately, in this case, it is not possible (without further study into complex formulae) to calculate the actual change in velocity due to the fact that the finishing velocity, or in this case the terminal velocity, remains unknown. Therefore, in order to give a very rough idea of the average acceleration, the average velocity was used as the finishing velocity and, obviously, 0 m/s used as the starting velocity (which in this case is correct).Analysisà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The first prediction, albeit rather basic, was correct and, although it was not tested, it is safe to presume that this is due to the fact that when the mass is larger, so is the terminal velocity. This means that the parachute can accelerate to a higher velocity resulting in a shorter time.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ As can be seen from the graph above it can be seen that the drop in time is rather large to begin with but gets smaller as the mass increases. This cervical result leads one to believe that there is a limit to the terminal velocity. This would imply that once a larger mass is added, a terminal terminal velocity is achieved beyond which a parachute cannot accelerate. This is presumably due to the lesser effect of air resistance at higher masses.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The same pattern can be seen average velocities, but obviously going up rather than down, but to a lesser extent.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The mass is directly proportional to the velocity (as the mass increases the speed increases) , and the velocity and mass is indirectly proportional to the time ( as the speed and mass increases the time decreases).Evaluationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ As was said in the Notes section above, it would be highly preferable to be able to calculate the final velocity, and even better the terminal velocity. The final velocity could be calculated with the use of computer sensors to measure the velocity in the last, say, 10cm. In order to calculate the terminal velocity it would be sensible to increase the distance travelled in order to ensure that the parachute does indeed reach terminal velocity before the velocity at the end is measured.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ As far as inaccuracies are concerned, it is obvious to see, from the Average Times graph, that the most problematic results are those measured for a mass of 0.08 N. Fortunately, they even out to provide a good average curve.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Another problem could be the results for a mass of 0.20 N where you can see that the results seem to converge as opposed to following the otherwise reasonably error-free curve.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Lastly, it must be further re-iterated that the Average Accelerations, and to a lesser extent the Average Velocities, use very inaccurate results due to the fact that the final velocity, and therefore the acceleration, is unknown. Therefore, the graphs of those results show very little of value other than to highlight the aforementioned inaccuracies, because they show up much more on those graphs.Conclusionsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ This theory could be proved, as well as the terminal terminal velocity calculated by using the usual mechanics formulae:i) s = ut + 1/2at2ii) v2 = u2 + 2asiii) s = (u + v)2Unfortunately, without knowledge of the terminal velocity, or the real acceleration, this cant be done properly. However, to give a rough idea of how it could be used, the test is detailed below:In an attempt to acquire the most accurate results possible, albeit a futile attempt, the third formula will be used and the average velocity used in place of the terminal velocity.1) To begin with, try the first set of results, i.e. a mass of 0.02 N:s = (0 + 0.93)2 s = 0.465Quite obviously, this distance is nowhere near the actual distance o f 2.85m but, of course, it shouldnt be because with such a small mass, air resistance is still playing a major part.2) Next, the results for a mass of 0.12 N will be tried:s = (0 + 2.32)2 s = 1.16Again, this is nowhere near the actual distance but it is getting closer.3) Lastly, the results for the last mass, 0.20 N, will be tried:s = (0 + 2.94)2 s = 1.47It would appear then, in conclusion, that this test was a failure. The question is, though, is this because of the fact that the final velocity is obviously false, or because this is not the way to go about finding the terminal terminal velocity, which of course may not exist. In all likelihood, however, looking at the results, it does exist but without the actual values for the final, or terminal, velocity, it is difficult to prove its existence.

Write report of CESIM simulation of marketing n logistic department Essay

Write report of CESIM simulation of marketing n logistic department - Essay Example Various news such as the safety of using phones n airplanes and quality of the mobile phones to withstand pressure. For instance, the case of a phone exploding in airplane reported in China influenced the USA market demand for phones, decreasing it by 3%, and in Asia it decreased by 7%. Europe, case is conspicuous as demand remains unchanged. Further, as the oil wars diminish, the transportation costs reduce by 6%. Nonetheless, product costs remain unchanged. The factor of outsourcing in USA stand at capacity of 13% while in China is 19%. This results in reduction of up to 6% in outsourcing costs. Additionally, another elemental factor of consideration is the macro environment of the department in handling the handset sales. The factors within the global context, such including the finance industry, affect the organisation performance. The corporate tax rate raises to 22%, as aspects of competitiveness of the various economies impact the markets. Consequently, currency rates fall against the USD such as the Rmb, which fell by 10%. The EU rebounds, bringing the interest rates in Europe down. However, the rates in USA and China increase by quarter and half respectively. Thus, such developments present Europe as the destination for the organisation, as the market is viable and stable. The influence of these factors in the macro environment influence the outcome of the business environment remarkably as the department pursues its establishment in the various sectors of operation within the industry (Kotler 2013, p. 67). Thus, in view of these factors affecting the macro environme nt of the department, the effect is visible on the results presented by the department. The poor results in the marketing and establishment of the department to success are evidence of the impacts within the micro and macro environments within the industry. The CESIM model entails several strategic simulations to evaluate and formulate perceptions of the

Questionare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Questionare - Essay Example The descriptive phase follows, in which the demographic and statistical information on the target population and target program emulations are determined in respective forms of their completeness and efficiency. â€Å"Exploratory studies are most typically done†¦ to satisfy the researcher’s curiosity and desire for better understanding, to test the feasibility of undertaking a more careful study, and to develop the methods to be employed† (Babbie, 1995, p. 84). #12 Between Kà ¤rtnerstrasse, Graben and Kohlmarkt, which is the most popular street? Why? ________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ #13 How much would you expect to spend in a typical day of shopping? On how much designer products would this money typically be spent? ______ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Multiple choice form is optimal for diversity since it also affords anonymity and privacy while simultaneously reducing the amount of confusion often attendant upon a questionnaire interview that is evinced by so many. The survey that is given to individuals representing two different sides of the issue of the effectiveness of research into presented issues. Respondents are instructed, Please circle the letter that seems best to

International Financial Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Financial Institutions - Essay Example It depends on the government of the recipient countries as to the utilization of aid funds and grants. Foreign assistance in the form of aid plays vital role in development of an underdeveloped country to the extent that they are utilized properly. Government institutions have also a significant role in the utilizing this amount. Good government policies not only help country in its development but also help in utilizing the donors' money properly. Existing research [e.g. Burnside and Dollar (1997), Mosley, Hudson and Verschoor (2004), Dalgaard, Hansen, and Tarp (2004), Burnside and Dollar (2000) etc.] suggests that academicians and scholars stress greatly on the importance of recipient country's policies in the effectiveness of aid. These authors regard aid as highly effective in poverty reduction and economic development only if the recipient country's policies are growth and development oriented. This suggests that although aid can contribute a lot towards economic development and prosperity, the result could be entirely opposite. Burnside and Dollar (1997) strongly opine that foreign aid leads to growth in poor countries with 'sound economic policies' (p4). The authors identify certain good policies that lead to long-term growth in recipient countries including "open trade regimes, fiscal discipline and avoidance of high inflation" (p5). They take example of Botswana and Indonesia as countries that performed well after receiving foreign aid whereas the countries like Tanzania and Zambia could not perform well. They studied the provision of bilateral aid in the period of Cold War and found that foreign aid provided to countries with poor economic policies such as Tanzania or Zambia was thoroughly wasted whereas it could lead to growth and development in countries with good economic policies. They argue that, "in a sound policy environment, aid attracts private investment, whereas in a poor policy environment, it displaces private investment." (p5). Hence, if the recipient country's economic policies are good or growth oriented, infusion of foreign aid can accelerate the process of economic development. For instance, if the existing policies of a recipient country accentuate open trade environment and encourage private investment, aid can be effective in removing the financial hurdles in the way of industrialization. The element of good and bad government policy is highly evident in the literature. The concept of good economic policy highlights the importance of aid allocation to the areas where it can be the most effective in bringing the desired results. Mosley, Hudson and Verschoor expound that "the marginal aid dollar should flow to where its effectiveness is highest, under the joint influence of existing policies and levels of poverty, not necessarily to where it is high" (2004, F218). Hence, the policies of recipient government which are relevant to the process of aid allocation truly determine the extent to which aid becomes effective in poverty reduction and economic growth or is simply wasted on less important issues. For example, if the goal of aid provision Dalgaard, Hansen, and Tarp "sufficiently poor economic management,

Different Raster Systems With Resolutions

Different Raster Systems With Resolutions Consider three different raster systems with resolutiuns of 640 by 480, 1280 by 1024, and 2560 by 2048. What size frame buffer in bytes is needed for each of these systems to store 12 bits per pixel? How, much storage: is required for each system if 24 bits per pixel are to be stored? Solution:- For 12 bits per pixel:- Frame buffer size=640* 480*12=3686400/8=460800bytes Frame buffer size=1280*1024*12=15728640/8=1966080 bytes Frame buffer size=2560*2048*12=62914560/8=7864320 bytes For 24 bits per pixel:- Frame buffer size=640*480*24=7372800/8 =921600bytes Frame buffer size=1280*1024*24=31457280bits=3932160 bytes Frame buffer size=2560*2048*24=125829120 bits=15728640 bytes Suppose an RGB raster system is to be designed using an 8-inch by 10-inch screen with a resolution of 100 pixels per inch in each direction. If we want to store 6 bits per pixel in the frame buffer, how much storage ( in bytes ) do we need for the frame buffer? Storage to store 6 bits per pixels=8*10*100*6=6000bytes How long would it take to load a 640 by 480 frame buffer with 12 bits per pixel, if lo5 bits can be transferred per second! How long would it take to load a 24-bit per pixel frame buffer with a resolution of 1280 by 1024 using this same transfer rate? For 12 bits per pixel:- Time taken=640*480*12=(3686400)/10^5=36.864 second For 24 bits per pixel:- Time taken=(1280*1024*24)/10^5=314.57second Consider two raster systems with resolutions of 640 by 480 and 1280 by 1024. How many pixels could be accessed per second in each of these systems by a display controller that refreshes the screen at a rate of 60 frames per second? What is the access time per pixel in each system? For resolution 640 by 480 Total pixels=640*480*60=18432000 pixels Time taken=1/18432000=5.425*10^-8 seconds For resolution 1280 by 1024 Total pixels =1280*1024*60=78643200 pixels Time taken =1/78643200=1.27*10^-8 seconds How much time is spent scanning across each row of pixels during screen refresh on a raster system with a resolution of 1280 by 1024 and refresh rate of 60 frames per second? 1024*60=61440rows Time taken =1/61440=1.628^-5seconds Section B Wide-Screen displays Widescreen usually refers to the aspect ratio of an image. In general terms, most images are considered to be in widescreen format when they have an aspect ratio larger than 4:3. When talking about widescreen, generally, most people are referring to the aspect ratio or shape of their TV set, monitor or digital image. One of the best ways to understand widescreen is to compare it with the most common type of aspect ratio, 4:3 which is the aspect ratio or shape of a standard TV set. A standard TV set is pretty much boxy in shape. The aspect ratio is 4:3, this means that the TV screen is 4 times wide by three times high. Because this ratio is almost equal to each other, it is considered similar to a box or square. A perfect square would be 4:4, which is really a ratio that is to 1:1. So now that we know that a standard TV is boxy or squares in shape having an aspect ratio of 4:3, widescreen formats usually have 16:9, a much more rectangular shape. A rectangular is a much more natural looking image. When the human eye sees the world, it does not see a box, but mainly a panorama image. We might focus our attention on a square shape in front of us, but there is a lot more visual information that our peripheral vision picks up. 16:9 aspect ratio is considered widescreen format and is much more natural to view. Most cinematic films are an aspect ratio of 16:9, so they can be viewed easily on a widescreen TV or monitor. You might not have realized that when you watch a movie on your standard TV that has an aspect ratio of 4:3, part of the sides of the movie are cut off or cropped. When you watch a movie on a widescreen, you are able to see the entire picture without any cropping. Sometimes widescreen is referred to by the term letterbox meaning a rectangular shape. Wide screen TV:- When television was introduced and for many years since then the aspect ratio was 4:3. The original standard aspect ratio for films was 4:3 , the adoption of the Academy ratio 1932 brought a slight change to a 1.37 aspect ratio. Material which was originally widescreen (e.g., Cinemascope films) were often transmitted with the sides truncated, using a technique called pan and scan. The introduction of a wider television format was met with some resistance within the film industry, but eventually became the norm. In Europe the PAL TV format, with its higher number of visible screen lines means that the low horizontal resolution associated with showing un cropped widescreen movies on TV is not as bad There is even an extension to PAL, called PAL plus, which allows specially equipped receivers to receive a PAL picture as true 16:9 with full 576 lines of vertical resolution, provided the stations employ the same system. Standard PAL receivers will receive such a broadcast as a 16:9 image letterboxed to 4:3, with a small amount of color noise in the black bars; this noise is actually the additional lines which are hidden inside the color signal. This system has no equivalent in analog NTSC broadcasting. Despite the existence of PALplus and support for widescreen in the DVB-based digital satellite, terrestrial and cable broadcasts in use across Europe, only Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Scandinavia and the UK have taken up widescreen at any great rate, with over half of all widescreen channels available by satellite in Europe targeting those areas. 16:9 TV displays have come into wide use. They are typically used in conjunction with Digital, High-Definition Television (HDTV) receivers, or Standard-Definition DVD players and other digital television sources. Digital material is provided to widescreen TVs either in high-definition format, which is natively 16:9 , or as an anamorphically-compressedstandard-definition picture. Typically, devices decoding Digital Standard-Definition pictures can be programmed to provide anamorphic widescreen formatting, for 16:9 sets, and formatting for 4:3 sets. Pan-and-scan mode can be used on 4:3 if the producers of the material have included the necessary panning data; if this data is absent, letterboxing or centre cut-out is used. HD DVD and Blu-ray disc players were introduced in 2006. Toshiba ceased production of HD DVD players in early 2008 after key defections from the HD DVD camp damaged the viability of the format. As of 2010 it still remains to be seen whether Blu-ray will stimulate the sales of HD pre-recorded films on disc, and more HD monitors and tuners. Consumer camcorders are also available in HD-video format at fairly low prices. These developments will result in more options for viewing widescreen images on television monitors. Widescreen Computer Displays Computer displays with aspect ratios wider than 4:3 are also called widescreen. Widescreen computer displays are mainly intended for computers used, at least sometimes, to display entertainment; data processing tends to use 4:3. Widescreen computer displays are typically of the 1.6 (8:5, typically written as 16:10) aspect ratio. True widescreen (16:9) monitors can be found in resolutions of 1024576, 1152648, 1280720, 1600900, and 19201080. Apples 27 iMac introduced a new 16:9 resolution: 25601440 in late 2009. By 2010 many manufacturers had practically abandoned the older 4:3 format, instead opting to manufacture 16:10 models, and lately, even shorter 16:9 displays. Suitability for applications Since many modern DVDs and some TV shows are in a widescreen format, widescreen displays are optimal for their playback on a computer. 16:9 material on a 16:10 display will be letterboxed, but only slightly. However, when screen width is not an issue, as in data processing or viewing 4:3 entertainment material such as older films and digitalphotographs, the sides of the widescreen image may be wasted, although it can be useful to display two or more windows side-by-side.. Most non-linear digital video editing software benefits more from horizontal space than from vertical space. However, for data processing many computer programs often have many toolbars and other information such as status bars, headers, and tabs, which require vertical space. In such cases the additional width is unwanted; on a computer used only for data-processing the additional screen area is better dedicated to a larger 4:3 screen. When displaying a document or ebook, two pages can be displayed side by side on a wide screen, or two documents compared. If a desktop monitor supports it, a whole single page of a book or document can be displayed on a rotated portrait-oriented screen. A very few computer games, including the first few Command Conquer games, run at a native 640400 resolution, making them exceptionally well-suited to 8:5 monitors. A slightly larger number, including Doom 3, can be set to either widescreen or full screen (4:3), with the widescreen options offering wider horizontal fields of view without sacrificing vertical FOV. However, most computer games are not designed for optimum effect on a widescreen display, being stretched unnaturally, not filling the screen, or letterboxed. Older laptop computers with a pointing device that did not take up space such as a pointing stick (Trackpoint) or trackball attached to the side of the machine could accommodate a keyboard which matched a 16:9 screen well. The use of touchpads, which require a lot of space below the keyboard, and the removal of keys such as the Numeric keypad more accurately matches the 4:3 ratio of a screen found on smaller net books and laptops. Widescreen Notebook Displays The earliest instance of the widescreen display being installed inside a notebook computer can be traced back to the Sony C1 which displayed a resolution of just 800 x 480. Widescreens made their official entrance in PC notebooks in 2003, although Apple preceded this by offering the 15 widescreen Power Mac. In 2005, the popularity of widescreen notebooks reached a new high with the unveiling of the Thinkpad widescreen Z60 series notebooks. Sonys pioneering widescreen VAIO C1 notebook The question is: Is the widescreen format for everybody? A big part of the answer will depend on what a widescreen notebook or monitor is used to do. Here are some considerations that might help with your decision: 1. Widescreen Notebooks The length and width of a widescreen notebooks screen set it apart from the standard notebook. The average notebook uses an aspect ratio of 4:3 and a resolution of 1024 x 768 pixels. The widescreen notebook breaks with tradition and increases screen size 25% lengthwise for proportions equal to that of the cinema screen or a widescreen LCD TV. 2. Widescreen Display Sizes The Sony C1 may have started it all, but it is by now considered only as a small-sized widescreen notebook, which is anything below 12.1. Currently on offer are 8.9, 10.6, 11.1, 12.1, 13.3, 14, 15.4, and 17 display sizes, with 19 products reportedly in the pipeline. 3. Widescreen Resolutions and their Corresponding Aspect Ratios Here are the common resolutions found in widescreen displays: 800 x 480 Representing an aspect ratio of 10:6, it was seen first in the Sony C1 notebook computer. Although this resolution is very low by todays standards, it was still quite acceptable compared to the 800 x 600 (4:3) resolutions of the time. Although the C1s screen measured only 8.9, it came as a part of the C1s delightfully tight packaging and superb portability. Currently, displays of this resolution are rarely available. 1024 x 600 Also having an aspect ratio of 10:6, it is meant to challenge the mainstream screen with 1024 x 768 resolution. 1280x 768 1280800 The 1280 x 768 resolution representing an aspect ratio of 16:9.5 and the 1280 x 800 resolution representing 16:10 respectively; these are the two most common resolutions used in contemporary 10.6, 12.1, 13.3, 14, 15.4 widescreen displays and can be considered entry-level for widescreen notebook computers. They provide about a 25% increase in onscreen content compared to screens displaying resolutions of 1024 x 768. 1280 x 854 This resolution (16:10.5) was used first in the 15.4 Power Mac notebook computer and adopted later by a limited number of other PC notebooks (mostly sized 154). This resolution has fallen out of favor in recent times. 1366 x 768 This resolution provides a perfect 16:9 aspect ratio and a perfect home for DVD movies and no more annoying black bands above and below the picture. It is currently available in the 11.1 VAIO Type TX widescreen notebook. 1440 x 900 This resolution (16:10) is found in 17 notebooks only, and is positioned as entry level in 17 widescreen notebooks. 1680 x 1050 This is currently the mainstream resolution (also 16:10) for 17 widescreen notebook computer displays. Users will experience a 35% increase in onscreen content compared to the normal 17 screen displaying a resolution of 1280 x 1024. 1920 x 1200 This is the pinnacle for current 17 widescreen notebook displays, and provides a 75% increase in onscreen content when compared to a normal 17 screen of 1280 x 1024 resolution. The resolution is a perfect fit for 1080p and 1080i (1920 x 1080 16:9) HDTV. 4. Benefits of the Widescreen When used for entertainment, a widescreen display is in its element when showing widescreen DVD movies in their intended 16:9 aspect ratio. This means a bigger picture more comfort and less wasted space (less or no black bands on either side of the picture). The widescreen display also makes it easier to edit and view panoramic images and may eliminate troublesome horizontal scrolling altogether. Comparison of different resolutions Another benefit of the widescreen display is evident when it comes to serious work the ability to display two windows side by side and to drag and drop (or copy n paste) data without having to switch between them is priceless. 5. Is the Widescreen Display Perfect? Weve covered a lot of the widescreen displays positive points, but that doesnt mean that there are no drawbacks. Here are some of them: a. The first and most obvious drawback is price, with the widescreen display being quite a bit pricier than the corresponding 4:3 display This is also the reason why widescreen displays are so ubiquitously absent at the entry level price points, though the gap is getting closer. b. The next problem is an issue of mobility, although this really points to notebook sizes 15 and above. It does depend, however, on the design philosophy of the manufacturer some use the desktop replacement mentality and cause their products to be quite large in size and therefore heavier as well. c. Compatibility with applications especially games may be an issue as many games are programmed to be displayed in 4:3 aspect ratio. Depending on your settings, you will experience black bands to the sides of the image, or you may try and stretch the image, which will look uncomfortable in any case. Certainly more and more, if not all, games today are compatible with widescreen display Latest development in widescreen display: Widescreen LCD displays: Barcos LC series of High-Resolution LCD displays has been specifically designed for use in a wide variety of professional applications. The LC family presents crisp, clear and color-accurate images on 42, 47 and 56 screen sizes. Dedicated versions with HD-SDI inputs are available. Featuring some of the most advanced LCD technology available today, Barcos LC series stands for the ultimate in detail. The LC series consists of a 42 and 47 display in native full high definition (19201080 pixels) and a 56 display in quad full high definition (38402160 pixels). Benefits: High brightness High contrast, even in high ambient light environments High resolution and pixel density Frame lock and gunlock functionality Low power consumption Long lifetime Technology used: Plasma screen technology LED technology CRT (cathode ray tube) LCD Plasma screen technology: Flat panel plasma display is the latest display technology and the best way to achieve displays with excellent image quality and large, flat screen sizes that are easily viewable in any environment. Plasma panels are an array of cells, known as pixels, which are composed of three sub pixels, corresponding to the colors red, green, and blue. Gas in the plasma state is used to react with phosphors in each sub pixel to produce colored light (red, green, or blue). These phosphors are the same types used in cathode ray tube (CRT) devices such as televisions and standard computer monitors. You get the rich dynamic colors that you expect. Each sub pixel is individually controlled by advanced electronics to produce over 16 million different colors. All of this means that you get perfect images that are easily viewable in a display that is less than six inches thick. LED technology : There are many consumer advantages to LEDs over incandescent or fluorescent light bulbs. LED lights consume much less energy. They are 300 percent more efficient than a compact fluorescent light (CFL), and 1,000 percent more efficient than an incandescent bulb. They have a very long life, about 50,000 hours of use at 70 percent of their original power. (LEDs dont burn out or flicker, they simply fade.) This works out to eight hours a day for 13 years at 70 percent power. A typical 60-watt incandescent bulb may last about 1,000 hours. LED lighting contains no mercury or other toxins. LEDs emit no ultra violet (UV) light, so they dont attract bugs. They dont generate heat, so they are cool to the touch. They dont generate radio frequency waves, so they dont interfere with radios or television broadcasts. They also are resistant to vibrations and shocks. CRT (cathode ray tube): The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun (a source of electrons) and a fluorescent screen, with internal or external means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam, used to create images in the form of light emitted from the fluorescent screen. The image may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer monitor), radar targets and others.The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep, heavy, and relatively fragile. LCD (Liquid-crystal display): Liquid-crystal display televisions (LCD TV) are television sets that use LCD technology to produce images. LCD televisions are thinner and lighter than CRTs of similar display size, and are available in much larger sizes. This combination of features made LCDs more practical than CRTs for many roles, and as manufacturing costs fell, their eventual dominance of the television market was all but guaranteed. In 2007, LCD televisions surpassed sales of CRT-based televisions worldwide for the first time, and their sales figures relative to other technologies are accelerating. LCD TVs are quickly displacing the only major competitors in the large-screen market, the plasma display panel and rear-projection television. LCDs are, by far, the most widely produced and sold television technology today, pushing all other technologies into niche roles .

College Admissions Essay: A Life Changing Experience :: College Admissions Essays

A Life Changing Experience    The experience of the APEC Youth Science festival was incredible. It has had an enormous impact on me in many ways, changing the way I look at the world and connecting me with people and events far beyond my formerly limited experience. I am extremely glad to have had this opportunity. It was a wonderful experience on multiple levels. It challenged me and expanded me intellectually and socially. I feel that this experience has had an immense impact on me.    Through this program I had first-hand access to some of the brightest young minds in both the United States and the world. The sharing among students of ideas and experiences in science, and in other areas as well, was enlightening. I felt like I had the chance to absorb knowledge from those around me. This environment spread beyond the students and also included the faculty and speakers. We had access to incredible faculty who were able to give much to the experience and share their own science insights. The program also brought in speakers and other science professionals from around the world who were at the top of their respective fields. This festival gave me real access to the movers and shakers of the science world, an experience beyond any available to me anywhere else.    The most fascinating aspect of this experience, for me, was the exposure to new cultures. This includes the twist culture puts on science. I found huge difference in the viewpoints of many cultures towards science related issues surprising. For instance many cultures had vastly different ways of looking at the forthcoming issues surrounding the implications of genetic engineering. The Asian and American cultures were very different in many work habit areas as well. There was an interesting group dynamic as culturally mixed groups strove to collectively complete group projects. The cultural sharing in science went beyond how questions were answered to how they were asked to which questions were most important and even which questions were addressed. while observing the cultural spin on science and work habits was an interesting pastime, the true wonder was cultural sharing on a greater scale.    This program exposed me to Asian cultures in a way I had never thought possible. Living in an Asian country, even for only a week, and being mixed with students from around the world brought me face to face with cultures I had never before truly experienced.